What is a primitive

Geography of wine

The grape variety was discovered on the border with Croatia. As already said, it has a connection with the Plavac variety. There are two regions in Italy, who are engaged in the cultivation of Primitivo on an industrial scale. This is Manduria and the province of Bari. Beginning with 1970 the planting area gradually decreased. for example, if in the seventies more than forty-seven thousand hectares were planted, then already in 2000 the area decreased to eight thousand.

Notable is the fact, that in the early nineteenth century the Italian variety was introduced to America, but only under a different name. The people of the USA liked him so much, which immediately received the title of "national American grape". Only through painstaking research has been proven, that the American variety Zinfandel is the very Italian Primitivo.

Line as a primitive

Lines are also graphic primitives., especially direct. Each of them represent a basic building block for line charts., bar and pie charts, two- and 3D graphs of mathematical functions, engineering drawings and architectural plans. In computer graphics, a straight line is so simple, that it is difficult not to consider her image as a graphic primitive. Straight lines in programming can be designed in two different ways. The first option is called the structural method. He defines, what pixels should be set before drawing the line. The second option is a conditional method, which takes into account certain conditions, to find the pixels you want.

Display file and framebuffer

The graphical primitive is also software, with which a certain image is displayed on the screen. One of them is a display file. It is an array of uncorrelated data or a set of commands, which are necessary for the correct rendering of the image on the screen. Arrays are filled from list data, stored in memory. As a result of their processing on the CRT monitor, a picture is created, composed of pixels of different colors. A frame buffer is a device for storing and displaying video on the screen.. This is usually a device or type of memory, which stores multiple frames of video. The image is in memory as a data array, where the sequential color values ​​of each pixel are written.

Another example [ Step-by-step ]

The following example will help you understand how JavaScript works with primitives..

JavaScript

// The Primitive 
let foo = 5;

// Defining a function that should change the Primitive value
function addTwo(on one) {
   num + = 2;
}
// Another function trying to do the same thing
function addTwo_v2(foo) {
   foo += 2;
}

// Calling our first function while passing our Primitive as an argument
addTwo(foo);
// Getting the current Primitive value
console.log(foo);   // 5

// Trying again with our second function...
addTwo_v2(foo);
console.log(foo);   // 5

You expected, What will happen 7 instead 5? If so, then read, how does this code work:

• When calling both functions , JavaScript looks for a value for an identifier . JavaScript correctly defines our variable, created with the first operator
• After that JavaScript passes the found argument to the function as a parameter
• Before executing statements in the function body, JavaScript takes the original passed argument (which is primitive) and creates a local copy of it. These copies, existing only inside function areas, accessible via identifiers, specified in function definitions ( for , foo for )
• Then the function statements are executed:
  • In the first function, a local argument was created . We increase its value by 2 (not the value of the original variable ).
  • A local argument was created in the second function. We increase its value by 2 (not the value of the original (external) variable ). Besides, in this situation, external variable is not accessible in any way. It has to do with JavaScript lexical scopes and, Consequently, with variable shading. Local variable hides external variable . For more information, see Closures.
• In this way, no changes within our functions will affect the ORIGINAL at all, since we work with copies of it

This is why primitives are immutable (immutable). Because we do not work on them directly. We create a copy and continue working with it, without touching the original values.

Primitive as an object

Here is a paradox, which JavaScript creator encountered:

• There are many things, what I would like to do with primitives, such as string or number. It would be great, if we could work with them through method calls.
• Primitives should be light and fast.

Selected solution, although it looks a little awkward:

1. Primitives remain primitives. One meaning, as I wanted.
2. The language allows access to methods and properties of strings, numbers, boolean values ​​and symbols.
3. To make it work, with this access, a special "wrapper object" is created, which provides the functionality you want, and then deleted.

Each primitive has its own "wrapper object", which are called: , , and . In this way, they have a different set of methods.

For example, there is a str.toUpperCase method(), which returns a string in uppercase.

Here, How does he work:

Very simple, isn't it true? Here, what is really going on in :

1. String - primitive. At the moment of accessing its property, a special object is created, which knows the meaning of the string and has such useful methods, as .
2. This method starts and returns a new string (shown in ).
3. The special object is removed, leaving only the primitive .

It turns out, what primitives can provide methods, and at the same time remain "light".

The JavaScript engine greatly optimizes this process.. It can even skip creating a custom object. However, it still has to adhere to the specs and work like this, as if he creates it.

Number has its own set of methods. for example, toFixed(n) rounds the number to n decimal places.

For more details on various properties and methods, see the chapters Numbers and Strings..

Constructors are for internal use only

Some languages, such as Java, allow the explicit creation of "wrapper objects" for primitives using syntax such as or .

В JavaScript, this is also possible for historical reasons, but highly discouraged. In some places, the consequences can be disastrous..

for example:

Objects in always give , so the example below will show :

On the other hand, using functions without an operator is quite reasonable and useful. They convert the value to the corresponding primitive type: per line, in number, to boolean.

For example, the following is perfectly acceptable:

null / undefined have no methods

Special primitives and exceptions. They have no corresponding "wrapper objects", and they don't have any methods. In a manner, they are "the most primitive".

An attempt to access properties of such a value will return an error.:

Famous primitivist painters

In our article, it is impossible to talk about all the worthy representatives of primitivism.. But the most iconic primitivist painters deserve special mention.. By the way, they all did not have a classical art education:

Henri Rousseau (Henri rousseau) — (1844-1910) - French painter, whose works Pablo Picasso admired. Earned a living by working in customs, which is why he received the nickname "Customs Officer" in art circles. The master's paintings are filled with rich colors, many of them are written in exotic jungle theme.

Niko Pirosmani (Nikolai Pirosmanishvili) — (1862-1918) - Georgian primitivist. Mysterious personality, unrecognized genius of his era. Drew a huge number of signs in Tiflis, loved to depict scenes of Georgian feasts and animals in his paintings. I lived in poverty all my life, died in poverty.

Granny Moses (Anna Mary Moses) — (1860-1961) - a woman of amazing destiny, the most prominent representative of American primitivism. She loved to draw since childhood, but the artist gained fame only at the age of 78. She preferred to portray landscapes and everyday scenes in her paintings. Lived 101 year, by the end of her life she was widely recognized in the United States and outside the homeland.

Generating lines

To understand, what is a graphic primitive, need to figure it out, how is it created. There are special algorithms in mathematics and computer science, which are step by step instructions for performing calculations. Algorithms are designed to calculate, data processing and automated analysis. To draw lines on a computer screen, the so-called Bresenham's algorithm is used. He defines, what is the best way to build a line, and forms the best option for creating a straight line between two specified points, painting over specific pixels on the monitor.

The algorithm was developed back in 1962 year and is still relevant. It only uses integer addition, subtract and shift bits, when numbers move or shift left or right. They are all very cheap operations in standard computer architectures.. This is one of the earliest algorithms, developed in the field of computer graphics. A minor extension of the original algorithm also applies to drawing circles.

History of primitivism

Primitivism (from Latin. primitivus - the first, the earliest) as a separate direction in painting appeared only at the end of the 19th century. But its origins are clearly visible in ancient cultures.. Clearly distinguishable analogies with the creativity of primitivists can be found in the rock paintings of primitive people., artifacts of exotic civilizations in Africa and Oceania. Many examples of children's drawings can also be attributed to primitive art., medieval and folk art.

Primitivism appeared on the wave of negative perception by many figures of the fine arts of bourgeois culture of the late 19th century. At that time, new revolutionary trends emerged en masse in painting.:

• fauvism;
• expressionism;
• cubism;
• dadaism;
• pointillism.

Recognized masters of painting made a huge contribution to the birth of primitivism: Paul Gauguin (Paul Gauguin), Henri Matiss (Henri Matisse), Pablo Picasso (Pablo Picasso). The features of primitive art were used in their work by the artists of the "Nabi" group (France), "Bridge" (Germany), Jack of Diamonds and Donkey's Tail (Russia). The direct sincerity of images and kinship with nature is manifested in many works of Paul Klee (Paul Klee), Marc Chagall, Amedeo Modigliani (Amedeo Modigliani).

In the paintings of Paul Gauguin, admiration for the primitive purity of the culture of Oceania is clearly traced. Pablo Picasso, at a certain period of time after visiting an ethnographic exhibition, began to use the methods of ancient masters in his works.

Art critics of that time refused to perceive primitivism as a full-fledged style of fine art. The paintings of the outstanding primitivists of the turn of the XIX-XX centuries, Henri Rousseau and Niko Pirosmani, earned worldwide recognition after many decades..

Interest in primitive art periodically increased and died out throughout the twentieth century. But even today, artists often turn to the expressive means of primitivism in their works..

Using primitives in editors

Graphics in a general sense consists of three main elements, unlike a wide variety of graphics applications: pixel, lines and polygon. The main of these elementary structures is the pixel. Graphic primitives in the graphics editor are a simple object, necessary for creating or constructing complex images. Graphics in programs for creating vector images are built on such elements, like a point, line and simple shapes consisting of them. It's a circle, triangle and square, which can also be called polygons. Therefore, most often, when working in a graphics editor, these simple shapes are called primitives.. For raster graphics, this element will be a pixel.

Definition of the word "Primitive" by TSB:

Primitive (from Latin. primitivus - the first, the earliest)in the original sense - a monument to the early period of the evolution of art. The concept of "P." arose from the characteristic of aesthetics and art history 18-19 cc. juxtaposition of "infant" and "mature" stages of development of art. while t. n. P. (especially with 18 in.) could attract with the integrity and seeming simplicity of their figurative structure, t. is. features, clearly appearing when comparing them with the works of dominant styles. In modern art history, the designation P. in general, it has lost its evaluative tone and acquired a purely nomenclature meaning. It is used in relation to the works of artists of the late Middle Ages. (eg, "Italian P."),to the art of peoples, preserved the features of the primitive communal system (the concept of "primitive art" exists, However, only in foreign science), to the creativity of the masters, who have not received a systematic art education, and representatives of Primitivism. Lit.: Previtali G., The fortune of the primitives from Vasari to the neoclassicals, Torino, 1964. Venturi L., the taste of primitives, Torino, 1972.

Distinctive features of primitivism

It will not be difficult for an experienced art critic to determine whether a particular painting belongs to primitivism.. The most characteristic features of the style include:

• author's refusal to use linear perspective (objects in the foreground and background have equal dimensions);
• careful study of both the main images of the work, and minor background details;
• lack of volumetric image, dominance of flat outlines of objects;
• uniform illumination of the entire web, lack of shadows and light reflections;
• deliberate violation of the proportions of bodies when depicting people and animals;
• simultaneous coexistence in an ordinary plot of real and fantastic creatures.

Despite all of the above signs, in the works of professional primitivists, the harmony and careful thoughtfulness of the composition is clearly traced. In this, the paintings of the masters are fundamentally different from the works of amateurs..

Digital Differential Analyzer

Another algorithm – digital differential analyzer – is a segment generation algorithm, computation-based either dy, or dx. To do this, you need to project the line to unit intervals in one coordinate and determine the corresponding integer values, lines closest to the path, for another coordinate. The algorithm takes as input two pixel positions at the ends of the segment. The horizontal and vertical differences between the end point positions are assigned to the dx and dy parameters. The difference with a larger value determines the increment of the parameter steps. The offset is determined from the pixel position, necessary at every step, to create the next pixel position along the line.

Graphic editor

Graphics software is a program or collection of programs, which allow you to manage visual images in a computer system. There are two types of graphics, namely raster and vector.

Raster graphics, or bitmap is a dot matrix data structure, representing a generally rectangular grid of pixels.

Vector graphics use geometric primitives. What is a graphic primitive in vector graphics, already mentioned above. These are the points, lines, curves and polygons (or polygons) or vector images. Such figures are based on mathematical expressions., to represent images in computer graphics. Converting vector graphics to bitmap is quite simple, but from raster to vector is much more complicated. Some programs try to do this. In addition to static graphics, there is animation and video editing software. Computer graphics can also be used by other editing software, such as Adobe Photoshop, Pizap, Microsoft Publisher, Picasa et al. d. Another option is animation programs, and video editors, such as Windows Movie Maker.